للتسجيل اضغط هـنـا
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أعــظم ســلسلة كـــتب (The ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING Series)
ElECTRIC POWER distributi** handbook By Mohamed E. El-Hawary Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 384 Publicati** Date: 2000-04-18 Sales Rank: 323168 ISBN / ASIN: 0849321913 EAN: 9780849321917 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Studio: CRC Book De******i**: The growing importance of renewable energy sources, c**trol methods and mechanisms, and system restorati** has created a need for a c**cise, comprehensive **** that covers the c**cepts associated with electric power and energy systems. Electrical Energy Systems fills that need, providing an up-to-date introducti** to this dynamic field.The author begins with a discussi** of the modern electric power system, centering ** the technical aspects of power generati**, transmissi**, distributi**, and utilizati**. After providing an overview of electric power and machine theory fundamentals, he offers a practical treatment-focused ** applicati**s-of the major topics required for a solid background in the field, including synchr**ous machines, transformers, and electric motors. He also furnishes a unique look at activities related to power systems, such as power flow and c**trol, stability, state estimati**, and security assessment. A discussi** of present and future directi**s of the electrical energy field rounds out the ****.With its broad, up-to-date coverage, emphasis ** applicati**s, and integrated MATLAB ******s, Electrical Energy Systems provides an ideal, practical introducti** to the field-perfect for self-study or short-course work for professi**als in related disciplines. Table of *******s Preface Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTI**……….1 1.1 A Brief History of Electric Power Systems……….1 1.2 The Structure of the Power System……….3 1.3 Outline of the ****……….7 Chapter 2 – BASICS OF ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM THEORY……9 2.1 Introducti**……….9 2.2 C**cepts of Power in Alternating Current Systems……….9 2.3 Three-Phase Systems……….14 2.4 The Per Unit System……….24 2.5 Electromagnetism and Electromechanical Energy C**versi**……….27 2.6 Permeability and Magnetic Field Intensity……….30 2.7 Flux Linkages, Induced Voltages, Inductance, and Energy……….34 2.8 Hysteresis Loop……….36 2.9 Eddy Current and Core Losses……….37 2.10 Energy Flow Approach……….40 2.11 Multiply Excited Systems……….44 2.12 Doubly Excited Systems……….45 2.13 Salient-Pole Machines……….47 2.14 Round or Smooth Air-Gap Machines……….49 2.15 Machine-Type Classificati**……….52 2.16 P-Pole Machines……….54 2.17 Power System Representati**……….58 Problems……….59 Chapter 3 – POWER GENERATI** AND THE SYNCHR**OUS MACHINE……….69 3.1 Introducti**……….69 3.2 The Synchr**ous Machine: Preliminaries……….67 3.3 Synchr**ous Machine Fields……….72 3.4 A Simple Equivalent Circuit……….74 3.5 Principal Steady-State Characteristics……….77 3.6 Power-Angle Characteristics and the Infinite Bus C**cept……….79 3.7 Accounting for Saliency……….86 3.8 Salient-Pole Machine Power Angle Characteristics……….90 Problems……….93 Chapter 4 – THE TRANSFORMER……….97 4.1 Introducti**……….97 4.2 General Theory of Transformer Operati**……….97 4.3 Transformer C**necti**s……….111 Problems……….121 Chapter 5 – ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSI**……….125 5.1 Introducti**……….125 5.2 Electric Transmissi** Line Parameters……….125 5.3 Line Inductance……….127 5.4 Line Capacitance……….145 5.5 Two-Port Networks……….161 5.6 Transmissi** Line Models……….163 Problems……….179 Chapter 6 – INDUCTI** AND FRACTI**AL HORSEPOWER MOTORS……….185 6.1 Introducti**……….185 6.2 Three-Phase Inducti** Motors……….185 6.3 Torque Relati**s……….193 6.4 Classificati** of Inducti** Motors……….198 6.5 Rotating Magnetic Fields in Single-Phase Inducti** Motors……….199 6.6 Equivalent Circuits for Single-Phase Inducti** Motors…204 6.7 Power and Torque Relati**s……….210 6.8 Starting Single-Phase Inducti** Motors……….216 6.9 Single-Phase Inducti** Motor Types……….218 Problems……….225 Chapter 7 – FAULTS AND PROTECTI** OF ELECTRIC ENERGY Chapter 8 – THE ENERGY C**TROL CENTER……….299 References……….361 http://rapidshare.com/files/28470988/eEES_CHIPOLLO.rar pwd: www.Chipollo.Info http://rapidshare.com/files/11930954...0849321913.rar http://mihd.net/c2g95f **************************** By John D. McD**ald Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 304 Publicati** Date: 2003-06-27 Sales Rank: 380956 ISBN / ASIN: 0849317037 EAN: 9780849317033 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Book De******i**: This book covers all aspects of substati**s, from the initial c**cept to design, automati**, operati**, and physical and cyber security. Written by members of the Institute of Electrical and Electr**ic Engineers (IEEE) Power Engineering Society (PES) Substati**s Committee, each secti** provides a tutorial and includes references for further reading and study. The authors use photographs and graphics to help the reader understand the material. Exploring the most recent technological developments regarding industry practice and standards, the book provides an extensive overview of substati**s that can be used as both a reference and study guide. Table of *******s 1 How a Substati** Happens 2 Gas-Insulated Substati**s 3 Air-Insulated Substati**s - Bus/Switching C**figurati**s 4 High-Voltage Switching Equipment 5 High-Voltage Power Electr**ic Substati**s 6 The Interface between Automati** and the Substati** 7 Substati** Integrati** and Automati** 8 Oil C**tainment 9 Community C**siderati**s 10 Animal Deterrents/Security 11 Substati** Grounding 12 Grounding and Lightning 13 Seismic C**siderati**s 14 Substati** Fire Protecti** 15 Substati** Communicati**s 16 Physical Security 17 Cyber Security of Substati** C**trol and Diagnostic Systems 18 Gas-Insulated Transmissi** Line (GIL) Index http://rapidshare.com/files/10111679...ngineering.rar http://mihd.net/3tu41w **************************************** ******** By James H. Harlow Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 496 Publicati** Date: 2003-08-15 Sales Rank: 849489 ISBN / ASIN: 0849317045 EAN: 9780849317040 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Book De******i**: Covering the fundamental theory of electric power transformers, this book provides the background required to understand the basic operati** of electromagnetic inducti** as applied to transformers. The book is divided into three fundamental groupings: **e stand-al**e chapter is devoted to Theory and Principles, nine chapters individually treat major transformer types, and fourteen chapters cover many ancillary topics associated with power transformers. Throughout the book, tables, charts, photographs, and equati**s describe the operati** and performance of power transformers and facilitate the reader's understanding of the technical material. *******s Chapter 1 Theory and Principles Dennis Allan and Harold Moore Chapter 2 Equipment Types 2.1 Power Transformers H. Jin Sim and Scott H. Digby 2.2 Distributi** Transformers Dudley L. Galloway and Dan Mulkey 2.3 Phase-Shifting Transformers Gustav Preininger 2.4 Rectifier Transformers ****d** P. Kennedy 2.5 Dry-Type Transformers Paulette A. Payne 2.6 Instrument Transformers Randy Mullikin 2.7 Step-Voltage Regulators Craig A. Colopy 2.8 C**stant-Voltage Transformers Arindam Maitra, Anish Gaikwad, Ralph Ferraro, Douglas Dorr, and Arshad Mansoor 2.9 Reactors Richard F. Dudley, Michael Sharp, Ant**io Castanheira, and Behdad Biglar Chapter 3 Ancillary Topics 3.1 Insulating Media Leo J. Savio and Ted Haupert 3.2 Electrical Bushings Loren B. Wagenaar 3.3 Load Tap Changers Dieter Dohnal 3.4 Loading and Thermal Performance Robert F. Tillman, Jr. 3.5 Transformer C**necti**s Dan D. Perco 3.6 Transformer Testing Shirish P. Mehta and William R. Henning 3.7 Load-Tap-Change C**trol and Transformer Paralleling James H. Harlow 3.8 Power Transformer Protecti** Armando Guzmán, Hector J. Altuve, and Gabriel Benmouyal 3.9 Causes and Effects of Transformer Sound Levels Jeewan Puri 3.10 Transient-Voltage Resp**se Robert C. Degeneff 3.11 Transformer Installati** and Maintenance Alan Oswalt 3.12 Problem and Failure Investigati** Wallace Binder and Harold Moore 3.13 **-Line M**itoring of Liquid-Immersed Transformers Andre Lux 3.14 U.S. Power Transformer Equipment Standards and Processes Philip J. Hopkins** http://rapidshare.de/files/8801376/E...eering_MAZ.rar http://mihd.net/dkw827 **************************************** ***** By I** Boldea, Syed A. Nasar, Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 968 Publicati** Date: 2001-11-29 Sales Rank: 1113024 ISBN / ASIN: 0849300045 EAN: 9780849300042 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Studio: CRC Book De******i**: This handbook fills industry's l**g-standing need for a comprehensive treatise embracing the wide variety of complex aspects of inducti** machine analysis and design. It provides an authoritative, up-to-date source of informati** for practicing and student engineers, including a presentati** of all types of inducti** machines, numerous solved numerical examples of analysis and computer-aided design of inducti** machines, and interactive computer programs for analysis and design. http://rapidshare.com/files/14456950...0849300045.rar http://www.megaupload.com/?d=YAVWPD2E http://mihd.net/bqa1dr **************************************** ******** By Jacek F. Gieras, Zbigniew J. Piech, Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 344 Publicati** Date: 1999-09-29 Sales Rank: 1138174 ISBN / ASIN: 0849318599 EAN: 9780849318597 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Studio: CRC Book De******i**: C**trary to some opini**s, electric motors are decidedly not part of an old-fashi**ed area of research. They are, in fact, the most popular machines of everyday life, and the number of types increase almost every year. Advances in materials engineering, power electr**ics, and c**trol strategies al**g with energy and reliability demands c**tinue to stimulate the development of exciting new technologies and applicati**s. Ranking high am**g the most exciting of these technologies are linear synchr**ous motors (LSMs). Linear Synchr**ous Motors: Transportati** and Automati** Systems provides a comprehensive treatment of all types of brushless LSMs-their c**structi**, electromagnetic effects, c**trol, and applicati**s. It explains the physics of hard magnetic materials, discusses permanent magnet and superc**ducting excitati** systems, and addresses applicati**s in factory automati** and high-speed transportati** systems. LSMs have better performance and higher power density than their inducti** counterparts, and they can operate with a larger mechanical clearance between their stati**ary and moving parts. Paying equal attenti** to the design and the applicati**s of LSMs, Linear Synchr**ous Motors offers a unique opportunity to master the inner workings of LSMs, discover new research results, and keep abreast of their emerging applicati**s. Electromechanical designers, electrical and mechanical engineers, as well as linear motor enthusiasts will welcome this broad and authoritative work to their reference collecti**s. *******s Preface 1 Topology and Selecti** 1.1 Definiti**s, Geometry and Thrust Generati** 1.2 Linear Synchr**ous Motor Topologies 1.2.1 Permanent Magnet Motors with Active Reacti** Rail 1.2.2 PM Motors with Passive Reacti** Rail 1.2.3 Motors with Electromagnetic Excitati** 1.2.4 Motors with Superc**ducting Excitati** System 1.2.5 Variable Reluctance Motors 1.2.6 Stepping Motors 1.2.7 Switched Reluctance Motors 1.3 Calculati** of Forces 1.4 Linear Moti** 1.4.1 Speed-Time Curve 1.4.2 Thrust-Time Curve 1.4.3 Dynamics 1.4.4 Tracti** 1.5 Selecti** of Linear Motors 2 Materials and C**structi** 2.1 Materials 2.2 Laminated Ferromagnetic Cores 2.2.1 Electrotechnical Sheet-steels 2.2.2 High-Saturati** Ferromagnetic Alloys 2.2.3 Permalloys 2.2.4 Amorphous Materials 2.2.5 Solid Ferromagnetic Materials 2.2.6 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites 2.3 Permanent Magnets 2.3.1 Demagnetizati** Curve 2.3.2 Magnetic Parameters 2.3.3 Magnetic Flux Density in the Airgap 2.3.4 Properties of Permanent Magnets 2.4 C**ductors 2.5 Principles of Superc**ductivity 2.6 Laminated Stacks 2.7 Armature Windings of Slotted Cores 2.8 Slotless Armature Systems 2.9 Electromagnetic Excitati** Systems 2.10 Permanent Magnet Excitati** Systems 2.11 Superc**ducting Excitati** Systems 2.12 Hybrid Linear Stepping Motors 3 Theory of Linear Synchr**ous Motors 3.1 Permanent Magnet Synchr**ous Motors 3.1.1 Magnetic Field of the Armature Winding 3.1.2 Form Factors and Reacti** Factors 3.1.3 Synchr**ous Reactance 3.1.4 Voltage Induced 3.1.5 Electromagnetic Power and Thrust 3.1.6 Thrust Ripple 3.1.7 Direct Calculati** of Thrust 3.2 Motors with Superc**ducting Excitati** Coils 3.3 Variable Reluctance Motors 3.4 Permanent Magnet Hybrid Motors 3.4.1 Finite Element Approach 3.4.2 Reluctance Network Approach 3.4.3 Experimental Investigati** 3.5 Switched Reluctance Motors 4 Moti** C**trol 4.1 C**trol of a.c. Motors 4.2 EMF and Thrust of PM Synchr**ous and Brushless Motors 4.2.1 Sine-Wave Motors 4.2.2 Square Wave (Trapezoidal) Motors 4.3 Dynamic Model of a PM Motor 4.4 Thrust and Speed C**trol of PM Motors 4.4.1 Open Loop C**trol 4.4.2 Closed Loop C**trol 4.4.3 Zero Direct Axis Current C**trol 4.4.4 Flux- Weakening C**trol 4.4.5 Direct Thrust C**trol 4.4.6 Fuzzy C**trol 4.5 C**trol of Hybrid Stepping Motors 4.5.1 Microstepping 4.5.2 Electr**ic C**trollers 4.6 Precisi** Linear Positi**ing 5 Sensors 5.1 Linear Optical Sensors 5.1.1 Incremental Encoders 5.1.2 Absolute Encoders 5.2 Linear Magnetic Encoders 5.2.1 C**structi** 5.2.2 Noise Cancellati** 5.2.3 Signal Interpolati** Process 5.2.4 Transmissi** of Speed and Positi** Signals 6 High Speed Maglev Transport 6.1 Electromagnetic and Electrodynamic Levitati** 6.2 Transrapid System (Germany) 6.2.1 Background 6.2.2 Propulsi**, Support and Guidance 6.2.3 Guideway 6.2.4 Power Supply 6.2.5 Vehicle 6.2.6 C**trol System of Electromagnets 6.2.7 The Future of Transrapid System 6.2.8 History of Transrapid Maglev System in Germany 6.3 Yamanashi Maglev Test Line in Japan 6.3.1 Background 6.3.2 Locati** of Yamanashi Maglev Test Line 6.3.3 Principle of Operati** 6.3.4 Guideway 6.3.5 Vehicle 6.3.6 Superc**ducting Electromagnet 6.3.7 Power C**versi** Substati** 6.3.8 Brakes 6.3.9 Boarding System 6.3.10 C**trol System 6.3.11 Communicati** System 6.3.12 Experiments 6.3.13 History of Superc**ducting Maglev Transportati** Technology in Japan 6.4 Swissmetro 6.4.1 Assumpti**s 6.4.2 Pilot Project 6.5 Marine Express 7 Building and Factory Transportati** Systems 7.1 Elevator Hoisting Machines 7.1.1 Linear Motor Driven Elevator Cars 7.1.2 Elevator with Linear Motor in the Pit 7.1.3 Linear Motor in Counterweight 7.1.4 C**venti**al versus Linear Motor Driven Elevator 7.2 Ropeless Elevators 7.2.1 Vertical Transport in Ultra-High Buildings 7.3 Assessment of Hoist Performance 7.3.1 C**structi** of Ropeless Elevators 7.3.2 Operati** 7.3.3 First Prototypes 7.3.4 Brakes 7.4 Horiz**tal Transportati** Systems 7.4.1 Guidelines for Installati** 7.4.2 C**structi** 7.4.3 Applicati**s 8 Industrial Automati** Systems 8.1 Automati** of Manufacturing Processes 8.2 Casting processes 8.2.1 ****l Casting Machines 8.2.2 2D Orientati** of Plastic Films 8.3 Machining Processes 8.4 Welding and Thermal Cutting 8.4.1 Fricti** Welding 8.4.2 Welding Robots 8.4.3 Thermal Cutting 8.5 Surface Treatment and Finishing 8.5.1 Electrocoating 8.5.2 Laser Scribing Systems 8.6 Material Handling 8.6.1 M**orail Material Handling System 8.6.2 Semic**ductor Wafer Transport 8.6.3 Capsule Filling Machine 8.7 Testing 8.7.1 Surface Roughness Measurement 8.7.2 Generator of Vibrati** 8.8 Industrial Laser Applicati**s A Magnetic Circuits with Permanent Magnets A.1 Approximati** of Demagnetizati** Curve and Recoil Line A.2 Operating Diagram A.2.1 C**structi** of the Operating Diagram A.2.2 Magnetizati** without Armature A.2.3 Magnetizati** with Armature A.2.4 Equivalent Magnetic Circuit B Calculati**s of Permeances B.1 Field Plotting B.2 Dividing the Magnetic Field into Simple Solids B.3 Prisms and Cylinders Located in an Open Space C Performance Calculati**s for PM LSMs References Symbols and Abbreviati**s http://mihd.net/h5gqbx MD5: fddbcaa1f539e73379bb0c3c4c6a1f12 **************************************** ********** By I** Boldea Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 448 Publicati** Date: 2005-11-09 Sales Rank: 84774 ISBN / ASIN: 084935725X EAN: 9780849357251 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Studio: CRC Book De******i**: Surveying the technologies used to satisfy the world's demand for open, efficient, and clean electricity, Synchr**ous Generators provides an in-depth examinati** of synchr**ous generators for both stand-al**e and grid-c**nected applicati**s. Part of The Electric Generators Handbook, Two-Volume Set, this book offers authoritative, tightly focused treatment of the topologies, steady state and transients modeling, performance, c**trol, design, and testing of stand-al**e and grid-c**nected generators in synchr**ous operati**. Synchr**ous Generators offers a thorough introducti** to electrical energy and electricity generati**, including the basic principles of electric generators. The book devotes a chapter to the most representative prime mover models for transients used in active c**trol of various generators. Then, individual chapters explore the topologies and steady state of large and medium-power synchr**ous generators; modeling and transients; c**trol in power systems; design, including simple cases; and testing. Numerous examples, sample results, and illustrati**s highlight the c**cepts. The promise of renewable, sustainable energy rests ** our ability to design innovative power systems that are able to harness energy from a variety of sources. Synchr**ous Generators supplies the tools necessary to design, validate, and deploy the right power generati** technologies to fulfill tomorrow's complex energy needs. *******s 1 Electric Energy and Electric Generators.............................. ........................................ .....................1-1 2 Principles of Electric Generators.............................. ........................................ .................................2-1 3 Prime Movers ......3-1 4 Large and Medium Power Synchr**ous Generators: Topologies and Steady State......................4-1 5 Synchr**ous Generators: Modeling for (and) Transients.............................. .................................5-1 6 C**trol of Synchr**ous Generators in Power Systems................................. ..................................6-1 7 Design of Synchr**ous Generators ........................................ ........................................ ..................7-1 8 Testing of Synchr**ous Generators ........................................ ........................................ ..................8-1 http://rapidshare.com/files/10111678...generators.rar http://mihd.net/daf6qr **************************************** *********** By C. Sankaran Publisher: TF-CRC Number Of Pages: 216 Publicati** Date: 2001-12-21 Sales Rank: 1404851 ISBN / ASIN: 0849310407 EAN: 9780849310409 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: TF-CRC Studio: TF-CRC Book De******i**: Frequency disturbances, transients, grounding, interference…the issues related to power quality are many, and soluti**s to power quality problems can be complex. However, by combining theory and practice to develop a qualitative analysis of power quality, the issues become relatively straightforward, and **e can begin to find soluti**s to power quality problems c**fr**ted in the real world. Power Quality builds the foundati** designers, engineers, and technicians need to survive in the current power system envir**ment. It treats power system theory and power quality principles as interdependent entities, and balances these with a wealth of practical examples and data drawn from the author's 30 years of experience in the design, testing, and trouble-shooting of power systems. It compares different power quality measurement instruments and details ways to correctly interpret power quality data. It also presents alternative soluti**s to power quality problems and compares them for feasibility and ec**omic viability. Power quality problems can have serious c**sequences, from loss of productivity to loss of life, but they can be easily prevented. You simply need a good understanding of electrical power quality and its impact ** the performance of power systems. By changing the domain of power quality from **e of theory to **e of practice, this book imparts that understanding and will develop your ability to effectively measure, test, and resolve power quality problems. *******s Chapter 1 Introducti** to Power Quality 1.1 Definiti** of Power Quality 1.2 Power Quality Progressi** 1.3 Power Quality Terminology 1.4 Power Quality Issues 1.5 Susceptibility Criteria 1.5.1 Cause and Effect 1.5.2 Treatment Criteria 1.5.3 Power Quality Weak Link 1.5.4 Interdependence 1.5.5 Stress–Strain Criteria 1.5.6 Power Quality vs. Equipment Immunity 1.6 Resp**sibilities of the Suppliers and Users of Electrical Power 1.7 Power Quality Standards 1.8 C**clusi**s Chapter 2 Power Frequency Disturbance 2.1 Introducti** 2.2 Comm** Power Frequency Disturbances 2.2.1 Voltage Sags 2.3 Cures for Low-Frequency Disturbances 2.3.1 Isolati** Transformers 2.3.2 Voltage Regulators 2.3.3 Static Uninterruptible Power Source Systems 2.3.4 Rotary Uninterruptible Power Source Units 2.4 Voltage Tolerance Criteria 2.5 C**clusi**s Chapter 3 Electrical Transients 3.1 Introducti** 3.2 Transient System Model 3.3 Examples of Transient Models and Their Resp**se 3.3.1 Applicati** of DC Voltage to a Capacitor 3.3.2 Applicati** of DC Voltage to an Inductor 3.4 Power System Transient Model 3.5 Types and Causes of Transients 3.5.1 Atmospheric Causes 3.5.2 Switching Loads ** or Off 3.5.3 Interrupti** of Fault Circuits 3.5.4 Capacitor Bank Switching 3.6 Examples of Transient Waveforms 3.6.1 Motor Start Transient 3.6.2 Power Factor Correcti** Capacitor Switching Transient 3.6.3 Medium Voltage Capacitor Bank Switching Transient 3.6.4 Voltage Notch Due to Uninterruptible Power Source Unit 3.6.5 Neutral Voltage Swing 3.6.6 Sudden Applicati** of Voltage 3.6.7 Self-Produced Transients 3.7 C**clusi**s Chapter 4 Harm**ics 4.1 Definiti** of Harm**ics 4.2 Harm**ic Number ( h ) 4.3 Odd and Even Order Harm**ics 4.4 Harm**ic Phase Rotati** and Phase Angle Relati**ship 4.5 Causes of Voltage and Current Harm**ics 4.6 Individual and Total Harm**ic Distorti** 4.7 Harm**ic Signatures 4.7.1 Fluorescent Lighting 4.7.2 Adjustable Speed Drives 4.7.3 Pers**al Computer and M**itor 4.8 Effect of Harm**ics ** Power System Devices 4.8.1 Transformers 4.8.2 AC Motors 4.8.3 Capacitor Banks 4.8.4 Cables 4.8.5 Busways 4.8.6 Protective Devices 4.9 Guidelines for Harm**ic Voltage and Current Limitati** 4.10 Harm**ic Current Mitigati** 4.10.1 Equipment Design 4.10.2 Harm**ic Current Cancellati** 4.10.3 Harm**ic Filters 4.11 C**clusi**s Chapter 5 Grounding and B**ding 5.1 Introducti** 5.2 Shock and Fire Hazards 5.3 Nati**al Electrical Code Grounding Requirements 5.4 Essentials of a Grounded System 5.5 Ground Electrodes 5.6 Earth Resistance Tests 5.7 Earth–Ground Grid Systems 5.7.1 Ground Rods 5.7.2 Plates 5.7.3 Ground Ring 5.8 Power Ground System 5.9 Signal Reference Ground 5.10 Signal Reference Ground Methods 5.11 Single-Point and Multipoint Grounding 5.12 Ground Loops 5.13 Electrochemical Reacti**s Due to Ground Grids 5.14 Examples of Grounding Anomalies or Problems 5.14.1 Loss of Ground Causes Fatality 5.14.2 Stray Ground Loop Currents Cause Computer Damage 5.14.3 Ground Noise Causes Adjustable Speed Drives to Shut Down 5.15 C**clusi**s Chapter 6 Power Factor 6.1 Introducti** 6.2 Active and Reactive Power 6.3 Displacement and True Power Factor 6.4 Power Factor Improvement 6.5 Power Factor Correcti** 6.6 Power Factor Penalty 6.7 Other Advantages of Power Factor Correcti** 6.8 Voltage Rise Due to Capacitance 6.9 Applicati** of Synchr**ous C**densers 6.10 Static VAR Compensators 6.11 C**clusi**s Chapter 7 Electromagnetic Interference 7.1 Introducti** 7.2 Frequency Classificati** 7.3 Electrical Fields 7.4 Magnetic Fields 7.5 Electromagnetic Interference Terminology 7.5.1 Decibel (dB) 7.5.2 Radiated Emissi** 7.5.3 C**ducted Emissi** 7.5.4 Attenuati** 7.5.5 Comm** Mode Rejecti** Ratio 7.5.6 Noise 7.5.7 Comm** Mode Noise 7.5.8 Transverse Mode Noise 7.5.9 Bandwidth 7.5.10 Filter 7.5.11 Shielding 7.6 Power Frequency Fields 7.7 High-Frequency Interference 7.8 Electromagnetic Interference Susceptibility 7.9 EMI Mitigati** 7.9.1 Shielding for Radiated Emissi** 7.9.2 Filters for C**ducted Emissi** 7.9.3 Device Locati** to Minimize Interference 7.10 Cable Shielding to Minimize Electromagnetic Interference 7.11 Health C**cerns of Electromagnetic Interference 7.12 C**clusi**s Chapter 8 Static Electricity 8.1 Introducti** 8.2 Triboelectricity 8.3 Static Voltage Buildup Criteria 8.4 Static Model 8.5 Static C**trol 8.6 Static C**trol Floors 8.7 Humidity C**trol 8.8 I** Compensati** 8.9 Static-Preventative Casters 8.10 Static Floor Requirements 8.11 Measurement of Static Voltages 8.12 Discharge of Static Potentials 8.13 C**clusi**s Chapter 9 Measuring and Solving Power Quality Problems 9.1 Introducti** 9.2 Power Quality Measurement Devices 9.2.1 Harm**ic Analyzers 9.2.2 Transient-Disturbance Analyzers 9.2.3 Oscilloscopes 9.2.4 Data Loggers and Chart Recorders 9.2.5 True RMS Meters 9.3 Power Quality Measurements 9.4 Number of Test Locati**s 9.5 Test Durati** 9.6 Instrument Setup 9.7 Instrument Setup Guidelines 9.8 C**clusi**s http://rapidshare.com/files/38772095...0849310407.pdf http://www.4shared.com/file/13940613...r_quality.html http://mihd.net/xp821r MD5: b14dee08c0fbac8f8fc3decf432a92b9 **************************************** ************** By Thomas Allen Short Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 784 Publicati** Date: 2003-09-15 Sales Rank: 242576 ISBN / ASIN: 0849317916 EAN: 9780849317910 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Studio: CRC Book De******i**: Generati**, transmissi**, distributi**. Of the "big three" comp**ents of the electricity infrastructure, distributi** typically gets the least attenti**. Yet, its impact ** reliability, quality of service, and society often make distributi** the most critical element. To**** deregulati** and the emergence of distributed power generati** mean it is now **** important than ever for utility engineers to have fast access to better informati**. The Electric Power Distributi** Handbook provides that informati** ** the electrical aspects of power distributi** systems. It begins with an in-depth look at equipment, applicati**s, and tasks such as choosing transformer c**necti**s and sizing and placing capacitors. The focus then shifts to reliability and power quality, reflecting the str**g dependence of the reliability of service ** distributi** systems performance. The author then tackles lightning protecti**, grounding, and safety, and c**cludes with a chapter that will help utilities avoid the problems inherent in the introducti** of distributed generati**. This book is also a comprehensive source for the hard-to-find tables, graphs, methods, and statistics that distributi** system engineers need. It includes tips and soluti**s for solving problems and improving performance, all aimed at delivering the best quality while keeping costs down. In short, the Electric Power Distributi** Handbook gives readers the tools they need to understand the science and practices of distributi** systems. *******s 1 Fundamentals of Distributi** Systems 1.1 Primary Distributi** C**figurati**s 1.2 Urban Networks 1.3 Primary Voltage Levels 1.4 Distributi** Substati**s 1.5 Subtransmissi** Systems 1.6 Differences between European and North American Systems 1.7 Loads 1.8 The Past and the Future References 2 Overhead Lines 2.1 Typical C**structi**s 2.2 C**ductor Data 2.3 Line Impedances 2.4 Simplified Line Impedance Calculati**s 2.5 Line Impedance Tables 2.6 C**ductor Sizing 2.7 Ampacities 2.7.1 Neutral C**ductor Sizing 2.8 Sec**daries 2.9 Fault Withstand Capability 2.9.1 C**ductor Annealing 2.9.2 Burndowns 2.10 Other Overhead Issues 2.10.1 C**nectors and Splices 2.10.2 Radio Frequency Interference References 3 Underground Distributi** 3.1 Applicati**s 3.1.1 Underground Residential Distributi** (URD) 3.1.2 Main Feeders 3.1.3 Urban Systems 3.1.4 Overhead vs. Underground 3.2 Cables 3.2.1 Cable Insulati** 3.2.2 C**ductors 3.2.3 Neutral or Shield 3.2.4 Semic**ducting Shields 3.2.5 Jacket 3.3 Installati**s and C**figurati**s 3.4 Impedances 3.4.1 Resistance 3.4.2 Impedance Formulas 3.4.3 Impedance Tables 3.4.4 Capacitance 3.5 Ampacity 3.6 Fault Withstand Capability 3.7 Cable Reliability 3.7.1 Water Trees 3.7.2 Other Failure Modes 3.7.3 Failure Statistics 3.8 Cable Testing 3.9 Fault Locati** References 4 Transformers 4.1 Basics 4.2 Distributi** Transformers 4.3 Single-Phase Transformers 4.4 Three-Phase Transformers 4.4.1 Grounded Wye – Grounded Wye 4.4.2 Delta – Grounded Wye 4.4.3 Floating Wye – Delta 4.4.4 Other Comm** C**necti**s 4.4.4.1 Delta – Delta 4.4.4.2 Open Wye – Open Delta 4.4.4.3 Other Suitable C**necti**s 4.4.5 Neutral Stability with a Floating Wye 4.4.6 Sequence C**necti**s of Three-Phase Transformers 4.5 Loadings 4.6 Losses 4.7 Network Transformers 4.8 Substati** Transformers 4.9 Special Transformers 4.9.1 Autotransformers 4.9.2 Grounding Transformers 4.10 Special Problems 4.10.1 Paralleling 4.10.2 Ferrores**ance 4.10.3 Switching Floating Wye – Delta Banks 4.10.4 Backfeeds 4.10.5 Inrush References 5 Voltage Regulati** 5.1 Voltage Standards 5.2 Voltage Drop 5.3 Regulati** Techniques 5.3.1 Voltage Drop Allocati** and Primary 5.3.2 Load Flow Models 5.3.3 Voltage Problems 5.3.4 Voltage Reducti** 5.4 Regulators 5.4.1 Line-Drop Compensati** 5.4.1.1 Load-Center Compensati** 5.4.1.2 Voltage-Spread Compensati** 5.4.1.3 Effects of Regulator C**necti**s 5.4.2 Voltage Override 5.4.3 Regulator Placement 5.4.4 Other Regulator Issues 5.5 Stati** Regulati** 5.5.1 Parallel Operati** 5.5.2 Bus Regulati** Settings 5.6 Line Loss and Voltage Drop Relati**ships References 6 Capacitor Applicati** 6.1 Capacitor Ratings 6.2 Released Capacity 6.3 Voltage Support 6.4 Reducing Line Losses 6.4.1 Energy Losses 6.5 Switched Banks 6.6 Local C**trols 6.7 Automated C**trols 6.8 Reliability 6.9 Failure Modes and Case Ruptures 6.10 Fusing and Protecti** 6.11 Grounding References 7 Faults 7.1 General Fault Characteristics 7.2 Fault Calculati**s 7.2.1 Transformer C**necti**s 7.2.2 Fault Profiles 7.2.3 Effect of X/R Ratio 7.2.4 Sec**dary Faults 7.2.5 Primary-to-Sec**dary Faults 7.2.6 Underbuilt Fault to a Transmissi** Circuit 7.2.7 Fault Locati** Calculati**s 7.3 Limiting Fault Currents 7.4 Arc Characteristics 7.5 High-Impedance Faults 7.6 External Fault Causes 7.6.1 Trees 7.6.2 Weather and Lightning 7.6.3 Animals 7.6.4 Other External Causes 7.7 Equipment Faults 7.8 Faults in Equipment 7.9 Targeted Reducti** of Faults References 8 Short-Circuit Protecti** 8.1 Basics of Distributi** Protecti** 8.1.1 Reach 8.1.2 Inrush and Cold-Load Pickup 8.2 Protecti** Equipment 8.2.1 Circuit Interrupters 8.2.2 Circuit Breakers 8.2.3 Circuit Breaker Relays 8.2.4 Reclosers 8.2.5 Expulsi** Fuses 8.2.5.1 Fuse Cutouts 8.2.6 Current-Limiting Fuses 8.3 Transformer Fusing 8.4 Lateral Tap Fusing and Fuse Coordinati** 8.5 Stati** Relay and Recloser Settings 8.6 Coordinating Devices 8.6.1 Expulsi** Fuse–Expulsi** Fuse Coordinati** 8.6.2 Current-Limiting Fuse Coordinati** 8.6.3 Recloser–Expulsi** Fuse Coordinati** 8.6.4 Recloser–Recloser Coordinati** 8.6.5 Coordinating Instantaneous Elements 8.7 Fuse Saving vs. Fuse Blowing 8.7.1 Industry Usage 8.7.2 Effects ** Momentary and Sustained Interrupti**s 8.7.3 Coordinati** Limits of Fuse Saving 8.7.4 L**g-Durati** Faults and Damage with Fuse Blowing 8.7.5 L**g-Durati** Voltage Sags with Fuse Blowing 8.7.6 Optimal Implementati** of Fuse Saving 8.7.7 Optimal Implementati** of Fuse Blowing 8.8 Other Protecti** Schemes 8.8.1 Time Delay ** the Instantaneous Element (Fuse Blowing) 8.8.2 High-Low Combinati** Scheme 8.3.3 SCADA C**trol of the Protecti** Scheme 8.8.4 Adaptive C**trol by Phases 8.9 Reclosing Practices 8.9.1 Reclose Attempts and Dead Times 8.9.2 Immediate Reclose 8.9.2.1 Effect ** Sensitive Residential Devices 8.9.2.2 Delay Necessary to Avoid Retriggering Faults 8.9.2.3 Reclose Impacts ** Motors 8.10 Single-Phase Protective Devices 8.10.1 Single-Phase Reclosers with Three-Phase Lockout References 9 Reliability 9.1 Reliability Indices 9.1.1 Customer-Based Indices 9.1.2 Load-Based Indices 9.2 Storms and Weather 9.3 Variables Affecting Reliability Indices 9.3.1 Circuit Exposure and Load Density 9.3.2 Supply C**figurati** 9.3.3 Voltage 9.3.4 L**g-Term Reliability Trends 9.4 Modeling Radial Distributi** Circuits 9.5 Parallel Distributi** Systems 9.6 Improving Reliability 9.6.1 Identify and Target Fault Causes 9.6.2 Identify and Target Circuits 9.6.3 Switching and Protecti** Equipment 9.6.4 Automati** 9.6.5 Maintenance and Inspecti**s 9.6.6 Restorati** 9.6.7 Fault Reducti** 9.7 Interrupti** Costs References 10 Voltage Sags and Momentary Interrupti**s 10.1 Locati** 10.2 Momentary Interrupti**s 10.3 Voltage Sags 10.3.1 Effect of Phases 10.3.2 Load Resp**se 10.3.3 Analysis of Voltage Sags 10.4 Characterizing Sags and Momentaries 10.4.1 Industry Standards 10.4.2 Characterizati** Details 10.5 Occurrences of Voltage Sags 10.5.1 Site Power Quality Variati**s 10.5.2 Transmissi**-Level Power Quality 10.6 Correlati**s of Sags and Momentaries 10.7 Factors That Influence Sag and Momentary Rates 10.7.1 Locati** 10.7.2 Load Density 10.7.3 Voltage Class 10.7.4 Comparis** and Ranking of Factors 10.8 Predicti** of Quality Indicators Based ** Site Characteristics 10.9 Equipment Sensitivities 10.9.1 Computers and Electr**ic Power Supplies 10.9.2 Industrial Processes and Equipment 10.9.2.1 Relays and C**tactors 10.9.2.2 Adjustable-Speed Drives 10.9.2.3 Programmable-Logic C**trollers 10.9.3 Residential Equipment 10.10 Soluti** Opti**s 10.10.1 Utility Opti**s for Momentary Interrupti**s 10.10.2 Utility Opti**s for Voltage Sags 10.10.2.1 Raising the Nominal Voltage 10.10.2.2 Line Reactors 10.10.3.2 Neutral Reactors 10.10.2.4 Current-Limiting Fuses 10.10.3 Utility Opti**s with N**traditi**al Equipment 10.10.3.1 Fast Transfer Switches 10.10.3.2 DVRs and Other Custom-Power Devices 10.10.4 Customer/Equipment Soluti**s 10.11 Power Quality M**itoring References 11 Other Power Quality Issues 11.1 Overvoltages and Customer Equipment Failures 11.1.1 Sec**dary/Facility Grounding 11.1.2 Reclose Transients 11.2 Switching Surges 11.2.1 Voltage Magnificati** 11.2.2 Tripping of Adjustable-Speed Drives 11.2.3 Preventi** of Capacitor Transients 11.3 Harm**ics 11.3.1 Res**ances 11.3.2 Teleph**e Interference 11.4 Flicker 11.4.1 Flicker Soluti**s 11.4.1.1 Load Changes 11.4.1.2 Series Capacitor 11.4.1.3 Static Var Compensator 11.4.1.4 Other Soluti**s 11.5 Voltage Unbalance References 12 Lightning Protecti** 12.1 Characteristics 12.2 Incidence of Lightning 12.3 Traveling Waves 12.4 Surge Arresters 12.4.1 Ratings and Selecti** 12.4.2 Housings 12.4.3 Other Technologies 12.4.4 Isolators 12.4.5 Arrester Reliability and Failures 12.5 Equipment Protecti** 12.5.1 Equipment Insulati** 12.5.2 Protective Margin 12.5.3 Sec**dary-Side Transformer Failures 12.6 Underground Equipment Protecti** 12.6.1 Open Point Arrester 12.6.2 Scout Arresters 12.6.3 Tapped Cables 12.6.4 Other Cable Failure Modes 12.7 Line Protecti** 12.7.1 Induced Voltages 12.7.2 Insulati** 12.7.2.1 Practical C**siderati**s 12.7.3 Shield Wires 12.7.4 Line Protecti** Arresters 12.8 Other C**siderati**s 12.8.1 Role of Grounding 12.8.2 Burndowns 12.8.3 Crossarm and Pole Damage and B**ding 12.8.4 Arc Quenching of Wood References 13 Grounding and Safety 13.1 System Grounding C**figurati**s 13.1.1 Four-Wire Multigrounded Systems 13.1.2 Other Grounding C**figurati**s 13.2 System Grounding and Neutral Shifts During Ground Faults 13.2.1 Neutral Shifts ** Multigrounded Systems 13.2.2 Neutral Reactor 13.2.3 Overvoltages ** Ungrounded Systems 13.3 Equipment/Customer Grounding 13.3.1 Special C**siderati**s ** Ungrounded Systems 13.3.2 Sec**dary Grounding Problems 13.4 Ground Rods and Other Grounding Electrodes 13.4.1 Soil Characteristics 13.4.2 Corrosi** and Grounding Electrodes 13.4.3 Resistance Measurements 13.5 Shocks and Stray Voltages 13.5.1 Biological Models 13.5.2 Step and Touch Potentials 13.5.3 Stray Voltage 13.5.4 Tree C**tacts 13.6 Protective Grounding References 14 Distributed Generati** 14.1 Characteristics of Distributed Generators 14.1.1 Energy Sources 14.1.2 Synchr**ous Generators 14.1.3 Inducti** Generators 14.1.4 Inverters 14.1.5 Modeling Small Generators 14.2 Islanding Issues 14.2.1 Effect of Transformer C**necti**s ** Overvoltages 14.2.1.1 Overvoltage Relays and 59G Ground Fault Detecti** 14.2.1.2 Effectively Grounding a Grounded-Wye – Grounded-Wye Transformer C**necti** 14.2.1.3 Sizing a Neutral Grounding Reactor ** a Grounded-Wye – Delta C**necti** to Maintain Effective Grounding 14.2.2 Anti-Islanding Protecti** 14.2.3 Active Anti-Islanding 14.2.4 Relaying Issues 14.2.5 Self-Excitati** 14.2.6 Ferrores**ance 14.2.7 Backfeed to a Downed C**ductor and Backfeed Voltages 14.3 Protecti** Issues 14.3.1 Tradeoff Between Overvoltages and Ground Fault Current 14.3.2 Fuse Saving Coordinati** 14.4 Power Quality Impacts 14.4.1 Voltage Regulati** 14.4.2 Harm**ics 14.4.3 Flicker 14.4.4 Other Impacts ** Power Quality 14.4.5 High Quality Power C**figurati**s 14.5 Generator Reliability References http://rapidshare.com/files/10744979...n_handbook.rar http://www.mihd.net/ago6s1 **************************************** ***************
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آخر تعديل بواسطة احمد كامل ، 04-18-2010 الساعة 11:12 PM |
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thanksssssssss
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سلسلة كتب روعة
شكرا على هذا الكنز الجميل
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جزاك اللة كل خير والله الموفق
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جزاك الله خيرا
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بارك الله فيكم وجزاكم الله كل الخير
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قال رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم
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شكراا لكم على الردود
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اللهم اغفر لابي واختي يارب العالمين اسالكم الدعاء |
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جزاك الله خيرا
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جزاكم الله خيرا
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