أعــظم ســلسلة كـــتب (The ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING Series)

**qjjiijiqjiij** · #1 05-28-2009, 11:34 AM

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

هذه الكتب تتحمل من دون نقاش

ElECTRIC POWER
distributi**
handbook

The ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING Series
series editor Leo Grigsy

Published Titles:
1 Computati**al Methods for Electric Power Systems
Mariesa Crow
2 Distributi** System Modeling and Analysis
William H. Kersting
3 Electric Drives
I** Boldea and Syed Nasar
4 Electrical Energy Systems
Mohamed E. El-Hawary
5 Electric Power Substati**s Engineering *
John D. McD**ald
6 Electric Power Transformer Engineering
James H. Harlow
7 Electromechanical Systems, Electric Machines, and Applied Mechatr**ics
Sergey E. Lyshevski
8 The Inducti** Machine Handbook *
I** Boldea and Syed Nasar
9 Linear Synchr**ous Motors: Transportati** and Automati** Systems
Jacek Gieras and Jerry Piech
10 Power Quality
C. Sankaran
11 Power System Operati**s and Electricity Markets *
Fred I. Denny and David E. Dismukes
12 Electric Power Distributi** Handbook
Tom Short

Forthcoming Titles
1 The Electric Generators Handbook
I** Boldea
2 The ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING Series
Series Editor Leo L. Grigsby

Electrical Energy Systems (Power Engineering)

By Mohamed E. El-Hawary

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 384
Publicati** Date: 2000-04-18
Sales Rank: 323168
ISBN / ASIN: 0849321913
EAN: 9780849321917
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: CRC
Studio: CRC

Book De******i**:

The growing importance of renewable energy sources, c**trol methods and mechanisms, and system restorati** has created a need for a c**cise, comprehensive **** that covers the c**cepts associated with electric power and energy systems. Electrical Energy Systems fills that need, providing an up-to-date introducti** to this dynamic field.The author begins with a discussi** of the modern electric power system, centering ** the technical aspects of power generati**, transmissi**, distributi**, and utilizati**. After providing an overview of electric power and machine theory fundamentals, he offers a practical treatment-focused ** applicati**s-of the major topics required for a solid background in the field, including synchr**ous machines, transformers, and electric motors. He also furnishes a unique look at activities related to power systems, such as power flow and c**trol, stability, state estimati**, and security assessment. A discussi** of present and future directi**s of the electrical energy field rounds out the ****.With its broad, up-to-date coverage, emphasis ** applicati**s, and integrated MATLAB ******s, Electrical Energy Systems provides an ideal, practical introducti** to the field-perfect for self-study or short-course work for professi**als in related disciplines.

Table of *******s
Preface
Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTI**……….1
1.1 A Brief History of Electric Power Systems……….1
1.2 The Structure of the Power System……….3
1.3 Outline of the ****……….7
Chapter 2 – BASICS OF ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM THEORY……9
2.1 Introducti**……….9
2.2 C**cepts of Power in Alternating Current Systems……….9
2.3 Three-Phase Systems……….14
2.4 The Per Unit System……….24
2.5 Electromagnetism and Electromechanical Energy
C**versi**……….27
2.6 Permeability and Magnetic Field Intensity……….30
2.7 Flux Linkages, Induced Voltages, Inductance, and
Energy……….34
2.8 Hysteresis Loop……….36
2.9 Eddy Current and Core Losses……….37
2.10 Energy Flow Approach……….40
2.11 Multiply Excited Systems……….44
2.12 Doubly Excited Systems……….45
2.13 Salient-Pole Machines……….47
2.14 Round or Smooth Air-Gap Machines……….49
2.15 Machine-Type Classificati**……….52
2.16 P-Pole Machines……….54
2.17 Power System Representati**……….58
Problems……….59
Chapter 3 – POWER GENERATI** AND THE SYNCHR**OUS
MACHINE……….69
3.1 Introducti**……….69
3.2 The Synchr**ous Machine: Preliminaries……….67
3.3 Synchr**ous Machine Fields……….72
3.4 A Simple Equivalent Circuit……….74
3.5 Principal Steady-State Characteristics……….77
3.6 Power-Angle Characteristics and the Infinite Bus
C**cept……….79
3.7 Accounting for Saliency……….86
3.8 Salient-Pole Machine Power Angle Characteristics……….90
Problems……….93
Chapter 4 – THE TRANSFORMER……….97
4.1 Introducti**……….97
4.2 General Theory of Transformer Operati**……….97
4.3 Transformer C**necti**s……….111
Problems……….121
Chapter 5 – ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSI**……….125
5.1 Introducti**……….125
5.2 Electric Transmissi** Line Parameters……….125
5.3 Line Inductance……….127
5.4 Line Capacitance……….145
5.5 Two-Port Networks……….161
5.6 Transmissi** Line Models……….163
Problems……….179
Chapter 6 – INDUCTI** AND FRACTI**AL HORSEPOWER
MOTORS……….185
6.1 Introducti**……….185
6.2 Three-Phase Inducti** Motors……….185
6.3 Torque Relati**s……….193
6.4 Classificati** of Inducti** Motors……….198
6.5 Rotating Magnetic Fields in Single-Phase Inducti**
Motors……….199
6.6 Equivalent Circuits for Single-Phase Inducti** Motors…204
6.7 Power and Torque Relati**s……….210
6.8 Starting Single-Phase Inducti** Motors……….216
6.9 Single-Phase Inducti** Motor Types……….218
Problems……….225
Chapter 7 – FAULTS AND PROTECTI** OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

Chapter 8 – THE ENERGY C**TROL CENTER……….299

References……….361

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Electric Power Substati**s Engineering (Electric Power Engineering Series, 8)

By John D. McD**ald

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 304
Publicati** Date: 2003-06-27
Sales Rank: 380956
ISBN / ASIN: 0849317037
EAN: 9780849317033
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: CRC

Book De******i**:

This book covers all aspects of substati**s, from the initial c**cept to design, automati**, operati**, and physical and cyber security. Written by members of the Institute of Electrical and Electr**ic Engineers (IEEE) Power Engineering Society (PES) Substati**s Committee, each secti** provides a tutorial and includes references for further reading and study. The authors use photographs and graphics to help the reader understand the material. Exploring the most recent technological developments regarding industry practice and standards, the book provides an extensive overview of substati**s that can be used as both a reference and study guide.

Table of *******s
1 How a Substati** Happens
2 Gas-Insulated Substati**s
3 Air-Insulated Substati**s - Bus/Switching C**figurati**s
4 High-Voltage Switching Equipment
5 High-Voltage Power Electr**ic Substati**s
6 The Interface between Automati** and the Substati**
7 Substati** Integrati** and Automati**
8 Oil C**tainment
9 Community C**siderati**s
10 Animal Deterrents/Security
11 Substati** Grounding
12 Grounding and Lightning
13 Seismic C**siderati**s
14 Substati** Fire Protecti**
15 Substati** Communicati**s
16 Physical Security
17 Cyber Security of Substati** C**trol and Diagnostic Systems
18 Gas-Insulated Transmissi** Line (GIL)
Index

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Electric Power Transformer Engineering (The Electric Power Engineering Series, 9)

By James H. Harlow

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 496
Publicati** Date: 2003-08-15
Sales Rank: 849489
ISBN / ASIN: 0849317045
EAN: 9780849317040
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: CRC

Book De******i**:

Covering the fundamental theory of electric power transformers, this book provides the background required to understand the basic operati** of electromagnetic inducti** as applied to transformers. The book is divided into three fundamental groupings: **e stand-al**e chapter is devoted to Theory and Principles, nine chapters individually treat major transformer types, and fourteen chapters cover many ancillary topics associated with power transformers. Throughout the book, tables, charts, photographs, and equati**s describe the operati** and performance of power transformers and facilitate the reader's understanding of the technical material.

*******s

Chapter 1 Theory and Principles Dennis Allan and Harold Moore
Chapter 2 Equipment Types
2.1 Power Transformers H. Jin Sim and Scott H. Digby
2.2 Distributi** Transformers Dudley L. Galloway and Dan Mulkey
2.3 Phase-Shifting Transformers Gustav Preininger
2.4 Rectifier Transformers ****d** P. Kennedy
2.5 Dry-Type Transformers Paulette A. Payne
2.6 Instrument Transformers Randy Mullikin
2.7 Step-Voltage Regulators Craig A. Colopy
2.8 C**stant-Voltage Transformers Arindam Maitra, Anish Gaikwad,
Ralph Ferraro, Douglas Dorr, and Arshad Mansoor
2.9 Reactors Richard F. Dudley, Michael Sharp, Ant**io Castanheira,
and Behdad Biglar
Chapter 3 Ancillary Topics
3.1 Insulating Media Leo J. Savio and Ted Haupert
3.2 Electrical Bushings Loren B. Wagenaar
3.3 Load Tap Changers Dieter Dohnal
3.4 Loading and Thermal Performance Robert F. Tillman, Jr.
3.5 Transformer C**necti**s Dan D. Perco
3.6 Transformer Testing Shirish P. Mehta and William R. Henning
3.7 Load-Tap-Change C**trol and Transformer Paralleling
James H. Harlow
3.8 Power Transformer Protecti** Armando Guzmán, Hector J. Altuve,
and Gabriel Benmouyal
3.9 Causes and Effects of Transformer Sound Levels Jeewan Puri
3.10 Transient-Voltage Resp**se Robert C. Degeneff
3.11 Transformer Installati** and Maintenance Alan Oswalt
3.12 Problem and Failure Investigati** Wallace Binder
and Harold Moore
3.13 **-Line M**itoring of Liquid-Immersed Transformers Andre Lux
3.14 U.S. Power Transformer Equipment Standards and Processes
Philip J. Hopkins**

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The Inducti** Machine Handbook (Electric Power Engineering Series)

By I** Boldea,&nbspSyed A. Nasar,

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 968
Publicati** Date: 2001-11-29
Sales Rank: 1113024
ISBN / ASIN: 0849300045
EAN: 9780849300042
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: CRC
Studio: CRC

Book De******i**:

This handbook fills industry's l**g-standing need for a comprehensive treatise embracing the wide variety of complex aspects of inducti** machine analysis and design. It provides an authoritative, up-to-date source of informati** for practicing and student engineers, including a presentati** of all types of inducti** machines, numerous solved numerical examples of analysis and computer-aided design of inducti** machines, and interactive computer programs for analysis and design.

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Linear Synchr**ous Motors: Transportati** and Automati** Systems

By Jacek F. Gieras,&nbspZbigniew J. Piech,

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 344
Publicati** Date: 1999-09-29
Sales Rank: 1138174
ISBN / ASIN: 0849318599
EAN: 9780849318597
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: CRC
Studio: CRC

Book De******i**:

C**trary to some opini**s, electric motors are decidedly not part of an old-fashi**ed area of research. They are, in fact, the most popular machines of everyday life, and the number of types increase almost every year. Advances in materials engineering, power electr**ics, and c**trol strategies al**g with energy and reliability demands c**tinue to stimulate the development of exciting new technologies and applicati**s. Ranking high am**g the most exciting of these technologies are linear synchr**ous motors (LSMs). Linear Synchr**ous Motors: Transportati** and Automati** Systems provides a comprehensive treatment of all types of brushless LSMs-their c**structi**, electromagnetic effects, c**trol, and applicati**s. It explains the physics of hard magnetic materials, discusses permanent magnet and superc**ducting excitati** systems, and addresses applicati**s in factory automati** and high-speed transportati** systems. LSMs have better performance and higher power density than their inducti** counterparts, and they can operate with a larger mechanical clearance between their stati**ary and moving parts. Paying equal attenti** to the design and the applicati**s of LSMs, Linear Synchr**ous Motors offers a unique opportunity to master the inner workings of LSMs, discover new research results, and keep abreast of their emerging applicati**s. Electromechanical designers, electrical and mechanical engineers, as well as linear motor enthusiasts will welcome this broad and authoritative work to their reference collecti**s.

*******s
Preface
1 Topology and Selecti**
1.1 Definiti**s, Geometry and Thrust Generati**
1.2 Linear Synchr**ous Motor Topologies
1.2.1 Permanent Magnet Motors with Active Reacti** Rail
1.2.2 PM Motors with Passive Reacti** Rail
1.2.3 Motors with Electromagnetic Excitati**
1.2.4 Motors with Superc**ducting Excitati** System
1.2.5 Variable Reluctance Motors
1.2.6 Stepping Motors
1.2.7 Switched Reluctance Motors
1.3 Calculati** of Forces
1.4 Linear Moti**
1.4.1 Speed-Time Curve
1.4.2 Thrust-Time Curve
1.4.3 Dynamics
1.4.4 Tracti**
1.5 Selecti** of Linear Motors
2 Materials and C**structi**
2.1 Materials
2.2 Laminated Ferromagnetic Cores
2.2.1 Electrotechnical Sheet-steels
2.2.2 High-Saturati** Ferromagnetic Alloys
2.2.3 Permalloys
2.2.4 Amorphous Materials
2.2.5 Solid Ferromagnetic Materials
2.2.6 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites
2.3 Permanent Magnets
2.3.1 Demagnetizati** Curve
2.3.2 Magnetic Parameters
2.3.3 Magnetic Flux Density in the Airgap
2.3.4 Properties of Permanent Magnets
2.4 C**ductors
2.5 Principles of Superc**ductivity
2.6 Laminated Stacks
2.7 Armature Windings of Slotted Cores
2.8 Slotless Armature Systems
2.9 Electromagnetic Excitati** Systems
2.10 Permanent Magnet Excitati** Systems
2.11 Superc**ducting Excitati** Systems
2.12 Hybrid Linear Stepping Motors
3 Theory of Linear Synchr**ous Motors
3.1 Permanent Magnet Synchr**ous Motors
3.1.1 Magnetic Field of the Armature Winding
3.1.2 Form Factors and Reacti** Factors
3.1.3 Synchr**ous Reactance
3.1.4 Voltage Induced
3.1.5 Electromagnetic Power and Thrust
3.1.6 Thrust Ripple
3.1.7 Direct Calculati** of Thrust
3.2 Motors with Superc**ducting Excitati** Coils
3.3 Variable Reluctance Motors
3.4 Permanent Magnet Hybrid Motors
3.4.1 Finite Element Approach
3.4.2 Reluctance Network Approach
3.4.3 Experimental Investigati**
3.5 Switched Reluctance Motors
4 Moti** C**trol
4.1 C**trol of a.c. Motors
4.2 EMF and Thrust of PM Synchr**ous and Brushless Motors
4.2.1 Sine-Wave Motors
4.2.2 Square Wave (Trapezoidal) Motors
4.3 Dynamic Model of a PM Motor
4.4 Thrust and Speed C**trol of PM Motors
4.4.1 Open Loop C**trol
4.4.2 Closed Loop C**trol
4.4.3 Zero Direct Axis Current C**trol
4.4.4 Flux- Weakening C**trol
4.4.5 Direct Thrust C**trol
4.4.6 Fuzzy C**trol
4.5 C**trol of Hybrid Stepping Motors
4.5.1 Microstepping
4.5.2 Electr**ic C**trollers
4.6 Precisi** Linear Positi**ing
5 Sensors
5.1 Linear Optical Sensors
5.1.1 Incremental Encoders
5.1.2 Absolute Encoders
5.2 Linear Magnetic Encoders
5.2.1 C**structi**
5.2.2 Noise Cancellati**
5.2.3 Signal Interpolati** Process
5.2.4 Transmissi** of Speed and Positi** Signals
6 High Speed Maglev Transport
6.1 Electromagnetic and Electrodynamic Levitati**
6.2 Transrapid System (Germany)
6.2.1 Background
6.2.2 Propulsi**, Support and Guidance
6.2.3 Guideway
6.2.4 Power Supply
6.2.5 Vehicle
6.2.6 C**trol System of Electromagnets
6.2.7 The Future of Transrapid System
6.2.8 History of Transrapid Maglev System in Germany
6.3 Yamanashi Maglev Test Line in Japan
6.3.1 Background
6.3.2 Locati** of Yamanashi Maglev Test Line
6.3.3 Principle of Operati**
6.3.4 Guideway
6.3.5 Vehicle
6.3.6 Superc**ducting Electromagnet
6.3.7 Power C**versi** Substati**
6.3.8 Brakes
6.3.9 Boarding System
6.3.10 C**trol System
6.3.11 Communicati** System
6.3.12 Experiments
6.3.13 History of Superc**ducting Maglev Transportati** Technology in Japan
6.4 Swissmetro
6.4.1 Assumpti**s
6.4.2 Pilot Project
6.5 Marine Express
7 Building and Factory Transportati** Systems
7.1 Elevator Hoisting Machines
7.1.1 Linear Motor Driven Elevator Cars
7.1.2 Elevator with Linear Motor in the Pit
7.1.3 Linear Motor in Counterweight
7.1.4 C**venti**al versus Linear Motor Driven Elevator
7.2 Ropeless Elevators
7.2.1 Vertical Transport in Ultra-High Buildings
7.3 Assessment of Hoist Performance
7.3.1 C**structi** of Ropeless Elevators
7.3.2 Operati**
7.3.3 First Prototypes
7.3.4 Brakes
7.4 Horiz**tal Transportati** Systems
7.4.1 Guidelines for Installati**
7.4.2 C**structi**
7.4.3 Applicati**s
8 Industrial Automati** Systems
8.1 Automati** of Manufacturing Processes
8.2 Casting processes
8.2.1 ****l Casting Machines
8.2.2 2D Orientati** of Plastic Films
8.3 Machining Processes
8.4 Welding and Thermal Cutting
8.4.1 Fricti** Welding
8.4.2 Welding Robots
8.4.3 Thermal Cutting
8.5 Surface Treatment and Finishing
8.5.1 Electrocoating
8.5.2 Laser Scribing Systems
8.6 Material Handling
8.6.1 M**orail Material Handling System
8.6.2 Semic**ductor Wafer Transport
8.6.3 Capsule Filling Machine
8.7 Testing
8.7.1 Surface Roughness Measurement
8.7.2 Generator of Vibrati**
8.8 Industrial Laser Applicati**s
A Magnetic Circuits with Permanent Magnets
A.1 Approximati** of Demagnetizati** Curve and Recoil Line
A.2 Operating Diagram
A.2.1 C**structi** of the Operating Diagram
A.2.2 Magnetizati** without Armature
A.2.3 Magnetizati** with Armature
A.2.4 Equivalent Magnetic Circuit
B Calculati**s of Permeances
B.1 Field Plotting
B.2 Dividing the Magnetic Field into Simple Solids
B.3 Prisms and Cylinders Located in an Open Space
C Performance Calculati**s for PM LSMs
References
Symbols and Abbreviati**s

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Synchr**ous Generators (Electric Power Engineering Series)

By I** Boldea

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 448
Publicati** Date: 2005-11-09
Sales Rank: 84774
ISBN / ASIN: 084935725X
EAN: 9780849357251
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: CRC
Studio: CRC

Book De******i**:

Surveying the technologies used to satisfy the world's demand for open, efficient, and clean electricity, Synchr**ous Generators provides an in-depth examinati** of synchr**ous generators for both stand-al**e and grid-c**nected applicati**s. Part of The Electric Generators Handbook, Two-Volume Set, this book offers authoritative, tightly focused treatment of the topologies, steady state and transients modeling, performance, c**trol, design, and testing of stand-al**e and grid-c**nected generators in synchr**ous operati**. Synchr**ous Generators offers a thorough introducti** to electrical energy and electricity generati**, including the basic principles of electric generators. The book devotes a chapter to the most representative prime mover models for transients used in active c**trol of various generators. Then, individual chapters explore the topologies and steady state of large and medium-power synchr**ous generators; modeling and transients; c**trol in power systems; design, including simple cases; and testing. Numerous examples, sample results, and illustrati**s highlight the c**cepts. The promise of renewable, sustainable energy rests ** our ability to design innovative power systems that are able to harness energy from a variety of sources. Synchr**ous Generators supplies the tools necessary to design, validate, and deploy the right power generati** technologies to fulfill tomorrow's complex energy needs.

*******s

1 Electric Energy and Electric Generators.............................. ........................................ .....................1-1
2 Principles of Electric Generators.............................. ........................................ .................................2-1
3 Prime Movers ......3-1
4 Large and Medium Power Synchr**ous Generators: Topologies and Steady State......................4-1
5 Synchr**ous Generators: Modeling for (and) Transients.............................. .................................5-1
6 C**trol of Synchr**ous Generators in Power Systems................................. ..................................6-1
7 Design of Synchr**ous Generators ........................................ ........................................ ..................7-1
8 Testing of Synchr**ous Generators ........................................ ........................................ ..................8-1

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Power Quality (The Electric Power Engineering Series)

By C. Sankaran

Publisher: TF-CRC
Number Of Pages: 216
Publicati** Date: 2001-12-21
Sales Rank: 1404851
ISBN / ASIN: 0849310407
EAN: 9780849310409
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: TF-CRC
Studio: TF-CRC

Book De******i**:

Frequency disturbances, transients, grounding, interference…the issues related to power quality are many, and soluti**s to power quality problems can be complex. However, by combining theory and practice to develop a qualitative analysis of power quality, the issues become relatively straightforward, and **e can begin to find soluti**s to power quality problems c**fr**ted in the real world. Power Quality builds the foundati** designers, engineers, and technicians need to survive in the current power system envir**ment. It treats power system theory and power quality principles as interdependent entities, and balances these with a wealth of practical examples and data drawn from the author's 30 years of experience in the design, testing, and trouble-shooting of power systems. It compares different power quality measurement instruments and details ways to correctly interpret power quality data. It also presents alternative soluti**s to power quality problems and compares them for feasibility and ec**omic viability. Power quality problems can have serious c**sequences, from loss of productivity to loss of life, but they can be easily prevented. You simply need a good understanding of electrical power quality and its impact ** the performance of power systems. By changing the domain of power quality from **e of theory to **e of practice, this book imparts that understanding and will develop your ability to effectively measure, test, and resolve power quality problems.

*******s
Chapter 1 Introducti** to Power Quality
1.1 Definiti** of Power Quality
1.2 Power Quality Progressi**
1.3 Power Quality Terminology
1.4 Power Quality Issues
1.5 Susceptibility Criteria
1.5.1 Cause and Effect
1.5.2 Treatment Criteria
1.5.3 Power Quality Weak Link
1.5.4 Interdependence
1.5.5 Stress–Strain Criteria
1.5.6 Power Quality vs. Equipment Immunity
1.6 Resp**sibilities of the Suppliers and Users of Electrical Power
1.7 Power Quality Standards
1.8 C**clusi**s
Chapter 2 Power Frequency Disturbance
2.1 Introducti**
2.2 Comm** Power Frequency Disturbances
2.2.1 Voltage Sags
2.3 Cures for Low-Frequency Disturbances
2.3.1 Isolati** Transformers
2.3.2 Voltage Regulators
2.3.3 Static Uninterruptible Power Source Systems
2.3.4 Rotary Uninterruptible Power Source Units
2.4 Voltage Tolerance Criteria
2.5 C**clusi**s
Chapter 3 Electrical Transients
3.1 Introducti**
3.2 Transient System Model
3.3 Examples of Transient Models and Their Resp**se
3.3.1 Applicati** of DC Voltage to a Capacitor
3.3.2 Applicati** of DC Voltage to an Inductor
3.4 Power System Transient Model
3.5 Types and Causes of Transients
3.5.1 Atmospheric Causes
3.5.2 Switching Loads ** or Off
3.5.3 Interrupti** of Fault Circuits
3.5.4 Capacitor Bank Switching
3.6 Examples of Transient Waveforms
3.6.1 Motor Start Transient
3.6.2 Power Factor Correcti** Capacitor Switching Transient
3.6.3 Medium Voltage Capacitor Bank Switching Transient
3.6.4 Voltage Notch Due to Uninterruptible Power Source Unit
3.6.5 Neutral Voltage Swing
3.6.6 Sudden Applicati** of Voltage
3.6.7 Self-Produced Transients
3.7 C**clusi**s
Chapter 4 Harm**ics
4.1 Definiti** of Harm**ics
4.2 Harm**ic Number ( h )
4.3 Odd and Even Order Harm**ics
4.4 Harm**ic Phase Rotati** and Phase Angle Relati**ship
4.5 Causes of Voltage and Current Harm**ics
4.6 Individual and Total Harm**ic Distorti**
4.7 Harm**ic Signatures
4.7.1 Fluorescent Lighting
4.7.2 Adjustable Speed Drives
4.7.3 Pers**al Computer and M**itor
4.8 Effect of Harm**ics ** Power System Devices
4.8.1 Transformers
4.8.2 AC Motors
4.8.3 Capacitor Banks
4.8.4 Cables
4.8.5 Busways
4.8.6 Protective Devices
4.9 Guidelines for Harm**ic Voltage and Current Limitati**
4.10 Harm**ic Current Mitigati**
4.10.1 Equipment Design
4.10.2 Harm**ic Current Cancellati**
4.10.3 Harm**ic Filters
4.11 C**clusi**s
Chapter 5 Grounding and B**ding
5.1 Introducti**
5.2 Shock and Fire Hazards
5.3 Nati**al Electrical Code Grounding Requirements
5.4 Essentials of a Grounded System
5.5 Ground Electrodes
5.6 Earth Resistance Tests
5.7 Earth–Ground Grid Systems
5.7.1 Ground Rods
5.7.2 Plates
5.7.3 Ground Ring
5.8 Power Ground System
5.9 Signal Reference Ground
5.10 Signal Reference Ground Methods
5.11 Single-Point and Multipoint Grounding
5.12 Ground Loops
5.13 Electrochemical Reacti**s Due to Ground Grids
5.14 Examples of Grounding Anomalies or Problems
5.14.1 Loss of Ground Causes Fatality
5.14.2 Stray Ground Loop Currents Cause Computer Damage
5.14.3 Ground Noise Causes Adjustable Speed Drives to Shut Down
5.15 C**clusi**s
Chapter 6 Power Factor
6.1 Introducti**
6.2 Active and Reactive Power
6.3 Displacement and True Power Factor
6.4 Power Factor Improvement
6.5 Power Factor Correcti**
6.6 Power Factor Penalty
6.7 Other Advantages of Power Factor Correcti**
6.8 Voltage Rise Due to Capacitance
6.9 Applicati** of Synchr**ous C**densers
6.10 Static VAR Compensators
6.11 C**clusi**s
Chapter 7 Electromagnetic Interference
7.1 Introducti**
7.2 Frequency Classificati**
7.3 Electrical Fields
7.4 Magnetic Fields
7.5 Electromagnetic Interference Terminology
7.5.1 Decibel (dB)
7.5.2 Radiated Emissi**
7.5.3 C**ducted Emissi**
7.5.4 Attenuati**
7.5.5 Comm** Mode Rejecti** Ratio
7.5.6 Noise
7.5.7 Comm** Mode Noise
7.5.8 Transverse Mode Noise
7.5.9 Bandwidth
7.5.10 Filter
7.5.11 Shielding
7.6 Power Frequency Fields
7.7 High-Frequency Interference
7.8 Electromagnetic Interference Susceptibility
7.9 EMI Mitigati**
7.9.1 Shielding for Radiated Emissi**
7.9.2 Filters for C**ducted Emissi**
7.9.3 Device Locati** to Minimize Interference
7.10 Cable Shielding to Minimize Electromagnetic Interference
7.11 Health C**cerns of Electromagnetic Interference
7.12 C**clusi**s
Chapter 8 Static Electricity
8.1 Introducti**
8.2 Triboelectricity
8.3 Static Voltage Buildup Criteria
8.4 Static Model
8.5 Static C**trol
8.6 Static C**trol Floors
8.7 Humidity C**trol
8.8 I** Compensati**
8.9 Static-Preventative Casters
8.10 Static Floor Requirements
8.11 Measurement of Static Voltages
8.12 Discharge of Static Potentials
8.13 C**clusi**s
Chapter 9 Measuring and Solving Power Quality Problems
9.1 Introducti**
9.2 Power Quality Measurement Devices
9.2.1 Harm**ic Analyzers
9.2.2 Transient-Disturbance Analyzers
9.2.3 Oscilloscopes
9.2.4 Data Loggers and Chart Recorders
9.2.5 True RMS Meters
9.3 Power Quality Measurements
9.4 Number of Test Locati**s
9.5 Test Durati**
9.6 Instrument Setup
9.7 Instrument Setup Guidelines
9.8 C**clusi**s

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Electric Power Distributi** Handbook (Electric Power Engineering Series)

By Thomas Allen Short

Publisher: CRC
Number Of Pages: 784
Publicati** Date: 2003-09-15
Sales Rank: 242576
ISBN / ASIN: 0849317916
EAN: 9780849317910
Binding: Hardcover
Manufacturer: CRC
Studio: CRC

Book De******i**:

Generati**, transmissi**, distributi**. Of the "big three" comp**ents of the electricity infrastructure, distributi** typically gets the least attenti**. Yet, its impact ** reliability, quality of service, and society often make distributi** the most critical element. To**** deregulati** and the emergence of distributed power generati** mean it is now **** important than ever for utility engineers to have fast access to better informati**. The Electric Power Distributi** Handbook provides that informati** ** the electrical aspects of power distributi** systems. It begins with an in-depth look at equipment, applicati**s, and tasks such as choosing transformer c**necti**s and sizing and placing capacitors. The focus then shifts to reliability and power quality, reflecting the str**g dependence of the reliability of service ** distributi** systems performance. The author then tackles lightning protecti**, grounding, and safety, and c**cludes with a chapter that will help utilities avoid the problems inherent in the introducti** of distributed generati**. This book is also a comprehensive source for the hard-to-find tables, graphs, methods, and statistics that distributi** system engineers need. It includes tips and soluti**s for solving problems and improving performance, all aimed at delivering the best quality while keeping costs down. In short, the Electric Power Distributi** Handbook gives readers the tools they need to understand the science and practices of distributi** systems.

*******s
1 Fundamentals of Distributi** Systems
1.1 Primary Distributi** C**figurati**s
1.2 Urban Networks
1.3 Primary Voltage Levels
1.4 Distributi** Substati**s
1.5 Subtransmissi** Systems
1.6 Differences between European and North American Systems
1.7 Loads
1.8 The Past and the Future
References
2 Overhead Lines
2.1 Typical C**structi**s
2.2 C**ductor Data
2.3 Line Impedances
2.4 Simplified Line Impedance Calculati**s
2.5 Line Impedance Tables
2.6 C**ductor Sizing
2.7 Ampacities
2.7.1 Neutral C**ductor Sizing
2.8 Sec**daries
2.9 Fault Withstand Capability
2.9.1 C**ductor Annealing
2.9.2 Burndowns
2.10 Other Overhead Issues
2.10.1 C**nectors and Splices
2.10.2 Radio Frequency Interference
References
3 Underground Distributi**
3.1 Applicati**s
3.1.1 Underground Residential Distributi** (URD)
3.1.2 Main Feeders
3.1.3 Urban Systems
3.1.4 Overhead vs. Underground
3.2 Cables
3.2.1 Cable Insulati**
3.2.2 C**ductors
3.2.3 Neutral or Shield
3.2.4 Semic**ducting Shields
3.2.5 Jacket
3.3 Installati**s and C**figurati**s
3.4 Impedances
3.4.1 Resistance
3.4.2 Impedance Formulas
3.4.3 Impedance Tables
3.4.4 Capacitance
3.5 Ampacity
3.6 Fault Withstand Capability
3.7 Cable Reliability
3.7.1 Water Trees
3.7.2 Other Failure Modes
3.7.3 Failure Statistics
3.8 Cable Testing
3.9 Fault Locati**
References
4 Transformers
4.1 Basics
4.2 Distributi** Transformers
4.3 Single-Phase Transformers
4.4 Three-Phase Transformers
4.4.1 Grounded Wye – Grounded Wye
4.4.2 Delta – Grounded Wye
4.4.3 Floating Wye – Delta
4.4.4 Other Comm** C**necti**s
4.4.4.1 Delta – Delta
4.4.4.2 Open Wye – Open Delta
4.4.4.3 Other Suitable C**necti**s
4.4.5 Neutral Stability with a Floating Wye
4.4.6 Sequence C**necti**s of Three-Phase Transformers
4.5 Loadings
4.6 Losses
4.7 Network Transformers
4.8 Substati** Transformers
4.9 Special Transformers
4.9.1 Autotransformers
4.9.2 Grounding Transformers
4.10 Special Problems
4.10.1 Paralleling
4.10.2 Ferrores**ance
4.10.3 Switching Floating Wye – Delta Banks
4.10.4 Backfeeds
4.10.5 Inrush
References
5 Voltage Regulati**
5.1 Voltage Standards
5.2 Voltage Drop
5.3 Regulati** Techniques
5.3.1 Voltage Drop Allocati** and Primary 5.3.2 Load Flow Models
5.3.3 Voltage Problems
5.3.4 Voltage Reducti**
5.4 Regulators
5.4.1 Line-Drop Compensati**
5.4.1.1 Load-Center Compensati**
5.4.1.2 Voltage-Spread Compensati**
5.4.1.3 Effects of Regulator C**necti**s
5.4.2 Voltage Override
5.4.3 Regulator Placement
5.4.4 Other Regulator Issues
5.5 Stati** Regulati**
5.5.1 Parallel Operati**
5.5.2 Bus Regulati** Settings
5.6 Line Loss and Voltage Drop Relati**ships
References
6 Capacitor Applicati**
6.1 Capacitor Ratings
6.2 Released Capacity
6.3 Voltage Support
6.4 Reducing Line Losses
6.4.1 Energy Losses
6.5 Switched Banks
6.6 Local C**trols
6.7 Automated C**trols
6.8 Reliability
6.9 Failure Modes and Case Ruptures
6.10 Fusing and Protecti**
6.11 Grounding
References
7 Faults
7.1 General Fault Characteristics
7.2 Fault Calculati**s
7.2.1 Transformer C**necti**s
7.2.2 Fault Profiles
7.2.3 Effect of X/R Ratio
7.2.4 Sec**dary Faults
7.2.5 Primary-to-Sec**dary Faults
7.2.6 Underbuilt Fault to a Transmissi** Circuit
7.2.7 Fault Locati** Calculati**s
7.3 Limiting Fault Currents
7.4 Arc Characteristics
7.5 High-Impedance Faults
7.6 External Fault Causes
7.6.1 Trees
7.6.2 Weather and Lightning
7.6.3 Animals
7.6.4 Other External Causes
7.7 Equipment Faults
7.8 Faults in Equipment
7.9 Targeted Reducti** of Faults
References
8 Short-Circuit Protecti**
8.1 Basics of Distributi** Protecti**
8.1.1 Reach
8.1.2 Inrush and Cold-Load Pickup
8.2 Protecti** Equipment
8.2.1 Circuit Interrupters
8.2.2 Circuit Breakers
8.2.3 Circuit Breaker Relays
8.2.4 Reclosers
8.2.5 Expulsi** Fuses
8.2.5.1 Fuse Cutouts
8.2.6 Current-Limiting Fuses
8.3 Transformer Fusing
8.4 Lateral Tap Fusing and Fuse Coordinati**
8.5 Stati** Relay and Recloser Settings
8.6 Coordinating Devices
8.6.1 Expulsi** Fuse–Expulsi** Fuse Coordinati**
8.6.2 Current-Limiting Fuse Coordinati**
8.6.3 Recloser–Expulsi** Fuse Coordinati**
8.6.4 Recloser–Recloser Coordinati**
8.6.5 Coordinating Instantaneous Elements
8.7 Fuse Saving vs. Fuse Blowing
8.7.1 Industry Usage
8.7.2 Effects ** Momentary and Sustained Interrupti**s
8.7.3 Coordinati** Limits of Fuse Saving
8.7.4 L**g-Durati** Faults and Damage with Fuse
Blowing
8.7.5 L**g-Durati** Voltage Sags with Fuse Blowing
8.7.6 Optimal Implementati** of Fuse Saving
8.7.7 Optimal Implementati** of Fuse Blowing
8.8 Other Protecti** Schemes
8.8.1 Time Delay ** the Instantaneous Element
(Fuse Blowing)
8.8.2 High-Low Combinati** Scheme
8.3.3 SCADA C**trol of the Protecti** Scheme
8.8.4 Adaptive C**trol by Phases
8.9 Reclosing Practices
8.9.1 Reclose Attempts and Dead Times
8.9.2 Immediate Reclose
8.9.2.1 Effect ** Sensitive Residential Devices
8.9.2.2 Delay Necessary to Avoid Retriggering
Faults
8.9.2.3 Reclose Impacts ** Motors
8.10 Single-Phase Protective Devices
8.10.1 Single-Phase Reclosers with Three-Phase Lockout
References
9 Reliability
9.1 Reliability Indices
9.1.1 Customer-Based Indices
9.1.2 Load-Based Indices
9.2 Storms and Weather
9.3 Variables Affecting Reliability Indices
9.3.1 Circuit Exposure and Load Density
9.3.2 Supply C**figurati**
9.3.3 Voltage
9.3.4 L**g-Term Reliability Trends
9.4 Modeling Radial Distributi** Circuits
9.5 Parallel Distributi** Systems
9.6 Improving Reliability
9.6.1 Identify and Target Fault Causes
9.6.2 Identify and Target Circuits
9.6.3 Switching and Protecti** Equipment
9.6.4 Automati**
9.6.5 Maintenance and Inspecti**s
9.6.6 Restorati**
9.6.7 Fault Reducti**
9.7 Interrupti** Costs
References
10 Voltage Sags and Momentary Interrupti**s
10.1 Locati**
10.2 Momentary Interrupti**s
10.3 Voltage Sags
10.3.1 Effect of Phases
10.3.2 Load Resp**se
10.3.3 Analysis of Voltage Sags
10.4 Characterizing Sags and Momentaries
10.4.1 Industry Standards
10.4.2 Characterizati** Details
10.5 Occurrences of Voltage Sags
10.5.1 Site Power Quality Variati**s
10.5.2 Transmissi**-Level Power Quality
10.6 Correlati**s of Sags and Momentaries
10.7 Factors That Influence Sag and Momentary Rates
10.7.1 Locati**
10.7.2 Load Density
10.7.3 Voltage Class
10.7.4 Comparis** and Ranking of Factors
10.8 Predicti** of Quality Indicators Based ** Site Characteristics
10.9 Equipment Sensitivities
10.9.1 Computers and Electr**ic Power Supplies
10.9.2 Industrial Processes and Equipment
10.9.2.1 Relays and C**tactors
10.9.2.2 Adjustable-Speed Drives
10.9.2.3 Programmable-Logic C**trollers
10.9.3 Residential Equipment
10.10 Soluti** Opti**s
10.10.1 Utility Opti**s for Momentary Interrupti**s
10.10.2 Utility Opti**s for Voltage Sags
10.10.2.1 Raising the Nominal Voltage
10.10.2.2 Line Reactors
10.10.3.2 Neutral Reactors
10.10.2.4 Current-Limiting Fuses
10.10.3 Utility Opti**s with N**traditi**al Equipment
10.10.3.1 Fast Transfer Switches
10.10.3.2 DVRs and Other Custom-Power Devices
10.10.4 Customer/Equipment Soluti**s
10.11 Power Quality M**itoring
References
11 Other Power Quality Issues
11.1 Overvoltages and Customer Equipment Failures
11.1.1 Sec**dary/Facility Grounding
11.1.2 Reclose Transients
11.2 Switching Surges
11.2.1 Voltage Magnificati**
11.2.2 Tripping of Adjustable-Speed Drives
11.2.3 Preventi** of Capacitor Transients
11.3 Harm**ics
11.3.1 Res**ances
11.3.2 Teleph**e Interference
11.4 Flicker
11.4.1 Flicker Soluti**s
11.4.1.1 Load Changes
11.4.1.2 Series Capacitor
11.4.1.3 Static Var Compensator
11.4.1.4 Other Soluti**s
11.5 Voltage Unbalance
References
12 Lightning Protecti**
12.1 Characteristics
12.2 Incidence of Lightning
12.3 Traveling Waves
12.4 Surge Arresters
12.4.1 Ratings and Selecti**
12.4.2 Housings
12.4.3 Other Technologies
12.4.4 Isolators
12.4.5 Arrester Reliability and Failures
12.5 Equipment Protecti**
12.5.1 Equipment Insulati**
12.5.2 Protective Margin
12.5.3 Sec**dary-Side Transformer Failures
12.6 Underground Equipment Protecti**
12.6.1 Open Point Arrester
12.6.2 Scout Arresters
12.6.3 Tapped Cables
12.6.4 Other Cable Failure Modes
12.7 Line Protecti**
12.7.1 Induced Voltages
12.7.2 Insulati**
12.7.2.1 Practical C**siderati**s
12.7.3 Shield Wires
12.7.4 Line Protecti** Arresters
12.8 Other C**siderati**s
12.8.1 Role of Grounding
12.8.2 Burndowns
12.8.3 Crossarm and Pole Damage and B**ding
12.8.4 Arc Quenching of Wood
References
13 Grounding and Safety
13.1 System Grounding C**figurati**s
13.1.1 Four-Wire Multigrounded Systems
13.1.2 Other Grounding C**figurati**s
13.2 System Grounding and Neutral Shifts During Ground Faults
13.2.1 Neutral Shifts ** Multigrounded Systems
13.2.2 Neutral Reactor
13.2.3 Overvoltages ** Ungrounded Systems
13.3 Equipment/Customer Grounding
13.3.1 Special C**siderati**s ** Ungrounded Systems
13.3.2 Sec**dary Grounding Problems
13.4 Ground Rods and Other Grounding Electrodes
13.4.1 Soil Characteristics
13.4.2 Corrosi** and Grounding Electrodes
13.4.3 Resistance Measurements
13.5 Shocks and Stray Voltages
13.5.1 Biological Models
13.5.2 Step and Touch Potentials
13.5.3 Stray Voltage
13.5.4 Tree C**tacts
13.6 Protective Grounding
References
14 Distributed Generati**
14.1 Characteristics of Distributed Generators
14.1.1 Energy Sources
14.1.2 Synchr**ous Generators
14.1.3 Inducti** Generators
14.1.4 Inverters
14.1.5 Modeling Small Generators
14.2 Islanding Issues
14.2.1 Effect of Transformer C**necti**s ** Overvoltages
14.2.1.1 Overvoltage Relays and 59G Ground Fault
Detecti**
14.2.1.2 Effectively Grounding a Grounded-Wye –
Grounded-Wye Transformer C**necti**
14.2.1.3 Sizing a Neutral Grounding Reactor ** a
Grounded-Wye – Delta C**necti** to Maintain
Effective Grounding
14.2.2 Anti-Islanding Protecti**
14.2.3 Active Anti-Islanding
14.2.4 Relaying Issues
14.2.5 Self-Excitati**
14.2.6 Ferrores**ance
14.2.7 Backfeed to a Downed C**ductor and Backfeed
Voltages
14.3 Protecti** Issues
14.3.1 Tradeoff Between Overvoltages and Ground Fault
Current
14.3.2 Fuse Saving Coordinati**
14.4 Power Quality Impacts
14.4.1 Voltage Regulati**
14.4.2 Harm**ics
14.4.3 Flicker
14.4.4 Other Impacts ** Power Quality
14.4.5 High Quality Power C**figurati**s
14.5 Generator Reliability
References

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باسل عبد الله معجب بهذا

nowayout_killer · #2 05-03-2010, 12:47 PM

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firasnabiel · #3 05-07-2010, 12:15 PM

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mustafa alamine · #4 05-15-2010, 11:55 AM

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serag · #5 05-20-2010, 11:35 PM

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Eng Osama.Numan · #6 06-08-2010, 07:34 PM

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ماسة احمد · #7 07-13-2010, 10:55 AM

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من لا يشكر الناس لا يشكر الله
صدق رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم
فلك جزيل الشكر والله الموفق

**qjjiijiqjiij** · #8 07-13-2010, 11:39 AM

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mohamed moharam · #9 08-06-2010, 04:43 PM

جزاك الله خيرا

gomaa_gamaan · #10 08-08-2010, 09:15 AM

جزاكم الله خيرا

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